Base64 Encoder/Decoder

The Base64 encoding process can be divided into the following steps:

1. Split the input data into groups of 3 bytes each
2. Rearrange these 3 bytes (24 bits) into 4 groups of 6 bits each
3. Map each 6-bit value (range 0-63) as an index to the Base64 character set
4. If the last group has fewer than 3 bytes, fill with 0 bits and add the corresponding number of equal signs (=) as padding at the end of the result

Simplified JavaScript Implementation:

// Base64 encoding implementation example (simplified)
function base64Encode(str) {
    // Base64 character set
    const base64chars = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
    let result = '';
    let i = 0;

    // Process every 3 characters as a group
    while (i < str.length) {
        const char1 = str.charCodeAt(i++);
        const char2 = i < str.length ? str.charCodeAt(i++) : 0;
        const char3 = i < str.length ? str.charCodeAt(i++) : 0;
        
        // Convert 3 8-bit bytes into 4 6-bit indices
        const triplet = (char1 << 16) + (char2 << 8) + char3;
        
        // Extract 4 6-bit values from the triplet
        const index1 = (triplet >> 18) & 0x3F;
        const index2 = (triplet >> 12) & 0x3F;
        const index3 = (triplet >> 6) & 0x3F;
        const index4 = triplet & 0x3F;
        
        // Add padding based on the original data length
        if (i - 3 > str.length) {
            result += base64chars[index1] + base64chars[index2] + '==';
        } else if (i - 2 > str.length) {
            result += base64chars[index1] + base64chars[index2] + base64chars[index3] + '=';
        } else {
            result += base64chars[index1] + base64chars[index2] + base64chars[index3] + base64chars[index4];
        }
    }
  
    return result;
}